ITA | ENG
B015853 - FLUIDS/THERMODYNAMICS/STATISTICS
Main information
Teaching Language
Course Content
Suggested readings
Learning Objectives
Prerequisites
Teaching Methods
Further information
Type of Assessment
Course program
Academic Year 2021-22
Course year
Second year - First Semester
Belonging Department
Physics and Astronomy
Course Type
Single education field course
Scientific Area
FIS/02 - THEORETICAL PHYSICS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND METHODS
Credits
9
Teaching Hours
80
Teaching Term
13/09/2021 ⇒ 23/12/2021
Attendance required
No
Type of Evaluation
Final Grade
Course Content
show
Course program
show
Lectureship
Teaching Language
Italian
Course Content
Fluid statics, kinematics and dynamics. Pressure and gravity waves. Non-ideal fluids, viscosity and turbulent motion.
Temperature measurements. Ideal and real gas. Calorimetry and transmission of heat. Thermodynamics: first and second principle. Entropy, enthalpy and thermodynamic potentials. Statistical physics: Kinetic theory, H-theorem, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, classical statistical ensembles.
Temperature measurements. Ideal and real gas. Calorimetry and transmission of heat. Thermodynamics: first and second principle. Entropy, enthalpy and thermodynamic potentials. Statistical physics: Kinetic theory, H-theorem, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, classical statistical ensembles.
Suggested readings (Search our library's catalogue)
"Elementi di Meccanica dei Fluidi, Termodinamica e Fisica Statistica", E. Landi Degl'Innocenti, Springer
Learning Objectives
Fundamental knowledge in fluidodynamics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Basic competences of the physiscist relatively to classical physiscs. Skills in solving numerical problems of physics, in identifying the essential elements of a physical process, in working out physical models and verifying their validity, in guessing structural analogies among different phenomenological scenarios.
Prerequisites
Required courses: Matemathical Analysis I
Teaching Methods
56 hours of lecturing,
24 hours of exercises.
24 hours of exercises.
Further information
Office hours: online on Webex (access via Moodle-Webex connection) according to University rules and until new rules are published.
Type of Assessment
Oral examination.
Course program
PROLOGUE
A mechanical model of matter. Condensed phases of matter. Microscopic and macroscopic description. Numerical simulations.
FLUID MECHANICS
Difference beetween solid and fluid substances. Fluid Statics. Surface and volume forces. Concept of pressure. Pascal principle. The fundamental law of hydrostatic. Differences between liquids and gases. Compressibility coefficient. Variation of the pressure with height. Torricelli experiment. Unit of measurement for pressure. Archimede's principle. Center of buoyancy. Flotation and flotation stability. Surface and capillarity phenomena. Surface tension. Cohesion and adhesion forces. Tate and Jurin laws. Fluid kinematics. Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions. Eulerian derivative. Advection term. Continuity equation. Leonardo's principle. Flux lines and flux tubes. Massic and volumetric flow rate. The fundamental law of hydrodynamics for ideal fluids. Bernoulli theorem for a liquid and for a compressibile fluid. Piezometric height and height of stop. Torricelli theorem. Applications of the Bernoulli theorem: Venturi tube and Pitot tube. Pressure waves. Concept of deformation. Sound velocity. Frequency and angular frequency, wavenumber, wavelenght, phase. Outline on gravity waves (surface waves). Dispersion relation for gravity waves. Dynamics of non-ideal fluids. Dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity. Newton formula. The fundamental law of non-ideal fluid hydrodynamics. Poiseuille law. Turbulent motion. Reynolds number. Drag force. Aerodynamic lift. Magnus effect.
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamic and thermal equilibrium. The zero principle of thermodynamics. Thermal expansion of physical bodies. Freezing and melting points. Thermometric properties and substances. Scales of temperature. Laws of gases (Boyle-Mariotte, Gay-Lussac, and Avogadro laws). The state equation of ideal gases. The ideal gas thermometer. Behaviour of real gases. Concepts of critical temperature, critical pressure and critical volume. Van der Waals equation. Phase transitions in a pure substance. Heat quantity. Calorimeters. Specific heat and latent heat. The Joule heat apparatus. Mechanical equivalent of the calorie. Equivalence between heat and work. The transmission of heat. Conduction. Concept of thermal conductivity. The equation of heat diffusion. Convection. Black-body radiation. Planck's law and Stefan's law. Quasi-static thermodynamic transformations. Work done by a hydrostatic system. The first principle of thermodynamics. Concept of internal energy. Illustrations of the first principle and application to simple cases. Specific heats of gases. Constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats and their relationship. Adiabatic transformations of an ideal gas. The second principle of thermodynamics. Heat engines and their efficiency. The Carnot theorem. Carnot cycle. Thermodynamic definition of temperature. The Clausius inequality. Definition of entropy. Illustrations of the concept of entropy. Consequences of the first and of the second principle: the internal energy equation and the TdS equation. Clayperon equation. The Boltzmann equation. Enthalpy and thermodynamic potentials.
STATISTICAL PHYSICS
Elementary probability concepts. Introduction to the kinetic theory of the gases. Mechanical model of an ideal gas. Mean quadratic velocity. Maxwellian distribution of velocities. Mean free path. Poisson distribution. Distribution of the distances among particles. Transport phenomena. Random-walk. Brownian motion. Disorder and its measurement. H-theorem. General principles of statistical mechanics. Statistical ensembles: micro canonical and canonical Fluctuations. Systems of identical particles: Boltzmann's distribution. Equipartition of energy. Entropy of the perfect gas. Statistics of open thermodynamical systems and the grand-canonical ensemble.
A mechanical model of matter. Condensed phases of matter. Microscopic and macroscopic description. Numerical simulations.
FLUID MECHANICS
Difference beetween solid and fluid substances. Fluid Statics. Surface and volume forces. Concept of pressure. Pascal principle. The fundamental law of hydrostatic. Differences between liquids and gases. Compressibility coefficient. Variation of the pressure with height. Torricelli experiment. Unit of measurement for pressure. Archimede's principle. Center of buoyancy. Flotation and flotation stability. Surface and capillarity phenomena. Surface tension. Cohesion and adhesion forces. Tate and Jurin laws. Fluid kinematics. Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions. Eulerian derivative. Advection term. Continuity equation. Leonardo's principle. Flux lines and flux tubes. Massic and volumetric flow rate. The fundamental law of hydrodynamics for ideal fluids. Bernoulli theorem for a liquid and for a compressibile fluid. Piezometric height and height of stop. Torricelli theorem. Applications of the Bernoulli theorem: Venturi tube and Pitot tube. Pressure waves. Concept of deformation. Sound velocity. Frequency and angular frequency, wavenumber, wavelenght, phase. Outline on gravity waves (surface waves). Dispersion relation for gravity waves. Dynamics of non-ideal fluids. Dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity. Newton formula. The fundamental law of non-ideal fluid hydrodynamics. Poiseuille law. Turbulent motion. Reynolds number. Drag force. Aerodynamic lift. Magnus effect.
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamic and thermal equilibrium. The zero principle of thermodynamics. Thermal expansion of physical bodies. Freezing and melting points. Thermometric properties and substances. Scales of temperature. Laws of gases (Boyle-Mariotte, Gay-Lussac, and Avogadro laws). The state equation of ideal gases. The ideal gas thermometer. Behaviour of real gases. Concepts of critical temperature, critical pressure and critical volume. Van der Waals equation. Phase transitions in a pure substance. Heat quantity. Calorimeters. Specific heat and latent heat. The Joule heat apparatus. Mechanical equivalent of the calorie. Equivalence between heat and work. The transmission of heat. Conduction. Concept of thermal conductivity. The equation of heat diffusion. Convection. Black-body radiation. Planck's law and Stefan's law. Quasi-static thermodynamic transformations. Work done by a hydrostatic system. The first principle of thermodynamics. Concept of internal energy. Illustrations of the first principle and application to simple cases. Specific heats of gases. Constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats and their relationship. Adiabatic transformations of an ideal gas. The second principle of thermodynamics. Heat engines and their efficiency. The Carnot theorem. Carnot cycle. Thermodynamic definition of temperature. The Clausius inequality. Definition of entropy. Illustrations of the concept of entropy. Consequences of the first and of the second principle: the internal energy equation and the TdS equation. Clayperon equation. The Boltzmann equation. Enthalpy and thermodynamic potentials.
STATISTICAL PHYSICS
Elementary probability concepts. Introduction to the kinetic theory of the gases. Mechanical model of an ideal gas. Mean quadratic velocity. Maxwellian distribution of velocities. Mean free path. Poisson distribution. Distribution of the distances among particles. Transport phenomena. Random-walk. Brownian motion. Disorder and its measurement. H-theorem. General principles of statistical mechanics. Statistical ensembles: micro canonical and canonical Fluctuations. Systems of identical particles: Boltzmann's distribution. Equipartition of energy. Entropy of the perfect gas. Statistics of open thermodynamical systems and the grand-canonical ensemble.